Jamilla Kautsary 1), Heddy Shri Ahimsa Putra2), Sudaryono3) dan Leksono P. Subanu4)
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
j_kautsary @hotmail.com
ahimsa_putra@yahoo.com
Sudaryono_sastrosasmito@yahoo.com
lsubanu@email.com
ABSTRACT
Semarang is the one of cities in Indonesia which very unique Chinatown district. This district was formed from the minds of ethnic communities, who mostly Thionghoa political fugitive from China. The community still handles strongly their culture values and norms so that influents them to create the unique district. Unfortunately in the Orde Baru era has been much damage to this unique district through several policy reasons for widening the road or river normalizes. The damage of the unique district became more serious when government decided to revitalize this district become tourism destination after WTC tragedy that created many Conflicts of interest on the Implementation policies and programs for culture tourism based revitalization. Through this research I try to find some unique characters that still left. Through the study of several theories about Chinese Traditional Architecture, Feng-shui, History of Housing, History of Chinese architecture and the City Shape, the specific character of the Chinese traditional settlements in Semarang, can be identified. The parameters that used in this research, according to these theories were the cities form, location position of temples, the type of building architecture, orientation and direction, balance principles, form, function and color. By using the deductive method of qualitative rationalistic, parameters that can still be found in the Chinatown area of Semarang is the settlement structure in the road grid, temples at the end of the street or lane to protect the district from sha, and courtyard house shop house type, and the shop can still be encountered in this area, even some of the influence of modern and Java culture also has begun to feel. From the implementation of Feng Shui, even when people do not understand why, but the concept of north-south, pocation and orientation of temples at the end of the lane/street,, a pair of lion statues, writing calligraphy lilian tui, picture statue doorman and coloring still using in this district. Related with implementation of the system of symbols, there is no difference with the origin country because they use same material that imported directly from China
Keywords: Chinese Traditional Settlement, Culture and Norm
Chinese Traditional Settlement in Semarang: the Reflection of Culture and Norm of Thionghoa Ethnic
Jamilla Kautsary 1), Heddy Shri Ahimsa Putra2), Sudaryono3) dan Leksono P. Subanu4)
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
j_kautsary @hotmail.com
ahimsa_putra@yahoo.com
Sudaryono_sastrosasmito@yahoo.com
lsubanu@email.com
ABSTRACT
Semarang is the one of cities in Indonesia which very unique Chinatown district. This district was formed from the minds of ethnic communities, who mostly Thionghoa political fugitive from China. The community still handles strongly their culture values and norms so that influents them to create the unique district. Unfortunately in the Orde Baru era has been much damage to this unique district through several policy reasons for widening the road or river normalizes. The damage of the unique district became more serious when government decided to revitalize this district become tourism destination after WTC tragedy that created many Conflicts of interest on the Implementation policies and programs for culture tourism based revitalization. Through this research I try to find some unique characters that still left. Through the study of several theories about Chinese Traditional Architecture, Feng-shui, History of Housing, History of Chinese architecture and the City Shape, the specific character of the Chinese traditional settlements in Semarang, can be identified. The parameters that used in this research, according to these theories were the cities form, location position of temples, the type of building architecture, orientation and direction, balance principles, form, function and color. By using the deductive method of qualitative rationalistic, parameters that can still be found in the Chinatown area of Semarang is the settlement structure in the road grid, temples at the end of the street or lane to protect the district from sha, and courtyard house shop house type, and the shop can still be encountered in this area, even some of the influence of modern and Java culture also has begun to feel. From the implementation of Feng Shui, even when people do not understand why, but the concept of north-south, pocation and orientation of temples at the end of the lane/street,, a pair of lion statues, writing calligraphy lilian tui, picture statue doorman and coloring still using in this district. Related with implementation of the system of symbols, there is no difference with the origin country because they use same material that imported directly from China
Keywords: Chinese Traditional Settlement, Culture and Norm
I. INTRODUCTION
Space created from the men’s minds. The creation of space based on the meaning of norms and values of culture. Space is an aspect of the environment is very important. This is not a concept that is common or simple. Space more than a physical 3 dimensional spaces. In the different context and time, the type of space will result in a different, and this is the important issue of design (Rapoport, 1967).
Chinatown in Semarang is one form of manifestation of the norms and cultural values of Chinese immigrants who landed in Semarang. This district has a unique order, as a manifestation of their spirit. Many things that are unique can be found in this area. Unfortunately, the Orde Baru policies erased some of the unique characters in this district.
Besides that, both of the economic activities demands also replaced more traditional spaces that were designed by the local community and the policies to revitalize the district only used some theories that based on the hight-design traditions or theories which considered on the work of urban planners and designers who ignored a lot of environment -which were designed by ordinary people or the traditions popular society (Rapoport, 1969)). These conditions have caused destruction of cultural and unique character of traditional space that ever builds in Pecinan Semarang.
This study is conducted to reveal the unique characters that are still associated with a traditional Chinese architecture in Semarang's Chinatown. Through the descriptive rationalistic method with empiric descriptive analysis techniques, it is expected that the unique characteristic of traditional Chinese architecture in Chinatown semarang can be identified. The simple process of using this method in the study is as follows diagram 1.1. (Sudaryono, 2006). By using that approach and many theoretical studies the parameters that uses to verifications in this study is following table I.1.
II. REFERENCE
2.1. Chinese Traditional Settlement
2.1.1. City form (Jiexianqzhi Chengshi)
In ancient China, a small city (town) would be built together with a middle or large size city or metropolis. Governmental office and Palace and government office, would be placed in smaller city and called gonqcheng (palace-city), yacheng (government-city),or zicheng (small city/town). Smaller cities within the city were called lifang, wards, or simply fang, neighborhoods with streets grids pattern street, the fang themselves were arranged inside the town. The shi was a commercial district within the city, or market and surrounded by walls whose gates had definite opening and closing hours. Cities with such wards were called lifangzhi chengshi, ward-system cities (figure 1).
At the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, economic growth and society activity finally broke through the restraints of closing gates and restricted hours. The walls of wards and markets were torn down, so that the streets of residential district could reach the thoroughfares directly, shops were arranged along the main boulevards and commerce could be conducted throughout the night and the city became jiexianqzhi chengshi, street-and-lane-system city (Schoenauer 1992).
2.1.2. Urban Pattern
The urban pattern in
Function as a city street market (market place). In the cities of smaller commercial activity concentrated in a small number of roads in the city are greater than the entire area (district) is used for intensive commercial activity. Each type of activity collected on a commercial street in groups according to the types of specific business or trade / business areas (business districts). The owners of shops in some road often founded associations to protect their advantage (Schoenauer 1992 and LÜ Junhua and Abramson, D. B., 1997).
2.1.3. Position Location and
Outside of the main streets, in the dense population of the small houses, are always equipped with a small temple। Traditional settlements in the temple can be found along the main roads in the area or in the corner of crossing the narrow road/lane junction (temples in this neighborhood are found along main streets or at intersections or bends in the smaller Lanes) Similarly with spaces at the end of the road is also used as a space for building the temple. These temples functions as the center of the community as well as a place to conduct business activities together. This character more details can be seen in the figure 2.2.
.1.4. Types of Traditional Building
2.1.4.1. Traditional Courtyard House
Courtyard hause is a type building/house (often a large house) where the main part of the building is disposed around a central Courtyard (an enclosed area). A. small courtyards house surrounded by service rooms or corridors, but the main rooms are not disposed around a courtyard. Using the jian as a unit room, a number of jian connected together become a building. Most of the pages have orientation to north-south with the main building called zhengfang, placed in the middle in the north, facing south. Zhengfang in front, on the west and east there is a smaller building that faced each other which is called xiangfang or are along the south wing of the frame bundle nafang or a building on the south. This type of Courtyards architecture has a north-south axis as the main structure with each building group was called as a jin (enclosure). Groups larger than building a house traditional may include other pages (courtyard) on the east and west, creating a secondary axis, and each group on the side of the building is called lu or routes and some of the jin. Page (courtyard) along the main axis called zhonglu or main route, while in another page called donglu and xilu or east and west route (line of sight) (Steinhardt, NS, 1984).
2.1.4.2. Shophouse (House)
As has been described in the chapter on the sub structure of the road network, roads in the city's settlements function as a traditional market (market place). In the cities of smaller commercial activity concentrated in a small number of roads in the city are greater than the entire area (district) is used for intensive commercial activity. These are done in shop house. Each type of activity collected on a commercial street in groups according to the types of specific business or trade / business areas (business districts). The owners of shops in some road will often form associations to protect their profits (Schoenauer, 1992).
2.2. Feng_Shui
Feng Shui is the art of using the energy flow of wind, earth and water, which is applied to buildings in both the home and district/area, with the purpose of capturing the energy so that energy-giving or fortune for the owners of the building. Feng Shui is the science for living in harmony with the land the place, so that could bring benefits as big source of potential energy and land are also vital to create peace and prosperity (Skinner, 2002).
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